Clinical use of fluoroquinolones in children.

OBJECTIVE To review the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of fluoroquinolones in children. DATA SOURCES A MEDLINE search (January 1966-March 1998) was conducted for relevant literature. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Data from compassionate use and published studies were reviewed for the assessment of pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of fluoroquinolones in children. DATA SYNTHESIS Fluoroquinolones have a broad spectrum coverage of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and intracellular organisms. Fluoroquinolones are well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, have excellent tissue penetration, low protein binding, and long elimination half-lives. These antibiotics are effective in treating various infections and are well tolerated in adults. However, the use of fluoroquinolones in children has been restricted due to potential cartilage damage that occurred in research with immature animals. Fluoroquinolones have been used in children on a compassionate basis. Ciprofloxacin is the most frequently used fluoroquinolone in children, most often in the treatment of pulmonary infection in cystic fibrosis as well as salmonellosis and shigellosis. Other uses include chronic suppurative otitis media, meningitis, septicemia, and urinary tract infection. Safety data of fluoroquinolones in children appear to be similar to those in adults. Fluoroquinolones are associated with tendinitis and reversible arthralgia in adults and children. However, direct association between fluoroquinolones and arthropathy remains uncertain. CONCLUSIONS Fluoroquinolones have been found to be effective in treating certain infections in children. Additional research is needed to define the optimal dosage regimens in pediatric patients. Although fluoroquinolones appear to be well tolerated, further investigations are needed to determine the risk of arthropathy in children. However, their use in children should not be withheld when the benefits outweigh the risks.